"Searching for a Needle in a Haystack". The Intricacies of Sources on Causes of Death, Their Interpretation, and the Construction of a Database for the City of Poznań, 1830–1900

Author(s)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52024/hlcs25008

Keywords:

Vital statistics, Causes of death, Population database, Mortality data, 19th Century Poland

Abstract

The administrative regulations introduced by the partitioning powers were enforced in the Polish lands under Prussian, Russian, and Austrian rule. These regulations included the methods of vital statistics registration, the language in which entries were recorded, and the types of data collected. Differences in registration pose significant challenges for contemporary researchers attempting to unify these records. Additionally, questions arise regarding the credibility and reliability of the registrations, which varied across the territories of the three partitions. Prussia had by far the most advanced statistical system. Strict adherence to deadlines for reporting marriages, births, and deaths, by both officials and ordinary citizens, undoubtedly contributed to the high quality of records maintained in Prussian-controlled territories. This paper aims to characterize the sources relating to causes of death in Poznań, then the capital of the Poznań Province in the 19th century, and to examine the diversity and validity of these sources, the quality and reliability of medical statistics, the development of the Poznań Historical Population Database, and, finally, the research opportunities this database enables. The study highlights the importance of a critical methodological approach to historical cause-of-death data. It demonstrates that, although imperfect, such sources can provide valuable insights into past health patterns and administrative practices when interpreted with linguistic, medical, and contextual sensitivity. The resulting database offers a foundation for further interdisciplinary research on historical epidemiology and urban demography.

 

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Author Biographies

  • Grażyna Liczbińska, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań

    Grażyna Liczbińska is a human biologist. She is an associate professor at the Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland. Her main scientific interests are related to biology and demography of populations from the past, with a special emphasis on the impact of social inequalities and environmental stress related to biological and health status and social mobility, as well as positive and negative determinants of health. In her research, she combines human populational biology and bio-statistics with historical demography and social and economic history. Grażyna Liczbińska is a member network of SHiP+ Studying the History of Health in (Port) Cities and COST ACTION CA22116, a Council Member of the European Society of Historical Demography and a Board Member of the International Commission for Historical Demography.

  • Patryk Pankowski, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań

    A doctoral candidate at the Doctoral School of Life Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, he is researching the short- and long-term effects of the cholera epidemic that struck Poznań in the 19th century. He has extensive experience working with archival materials, gained through numerous national research projects and participation in international conferences and workshops. He is also actively involved in disseminating research findings, including maintaining websites for the international research projects in which he participates.

  • Szymon Antosik, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań

    PhD student of history at Adam Mickiewicz University, he is working on a doctoral thesis entitled "Long-term Social Costs of Adverse Conditions Occurring in Early Life in 19th-Century Populations: The Case of Poznań." His research interests include historical demography, social and economic history, and the ways environmental stress affected social mobility, as well as social and health inequalities in past populations.

  • Karolina Kowalska, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań

    Doctoral researcher examining how biological, socio-economic, and climatic factors shaped health, disease, and mortality in nineteenth-century Poznań. The research draws on the Poznań Historical Population Database (1830–1900) and complementary archival sources to reconstruct city-wide patterns across neighborhoods and communities. It focuses on vulnerable life stages — the prenatal period, infancy, childhood, and old age — and on outcomes such as stillbirths, infant mortality, seasonal fluctuations, mental and social causes (including suicides), and infectious diseases. Particular attention is given to how urbanization, sanitation, industrialization, and poverty produced unequal health risks between districts and faith communities. The study interprets Poznań’s unique social and national diversity, along with its responses to political and economic change, as a lens for understanding urban health in a transforming society. Findings highlight the links between extreme weather and mortality, especially where sanitary infrastructure was weakest. Actively engaged in international workshops and conferences on historical demography and mortality, contributing to interdisciplinary collaborations and sharing findings with a wider audience.

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2026-05-28

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Liczbińska, G., Pankowski, P., Antosik, S. ., & Kowalska, K. (2026). "Searching for a Needle in a Haystack". The Intricacies of Sources on Causes of Death, Their Interpretation, and the Construction of a Database for the City of Poznań, 1830–1900. Historical Life Course Studies, 16, 146-160. https://doi.org/10.52024/hlcs25008